SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Mouthbrooder</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mouthbrooder</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

<p><b>Mouthbrooding</b>, also known as <b>oral incubation</b> and <b>buccal incubation</b>, is the care given by some groups of animals to their offspring by holding them in the mouth of the parent for extended periods of time. Although mouthbrooding is performed by a variety of different animals, such as the <a href="Darwin's_frog" title="Darwin's frog">Darwin's frog</a>, fish are by far the most diverse mouthbrooders. Mouthbrooding has evolved independently in several different families of fish.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mouthbrooding_behaviour">Mouthbrooding behaviour</h2></div>

<p>Paternal mouthbrooders are species where the male looks after the eggs. Paternal mouthbrooders include the <a href="Arowana" title="Arowana">arowana</a>, various mouthbrooding bettas and gouramies such as <i><a href="Betta_pugnax" class="mw-redirect" title="Betta pugnax">Betta pugnax</a></i>, and sea catfish such as <i><a href="Ariopsis_felis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariopsis felis">Ariopsis felis</a></i>. Among <a href="Cichlid" title="Cichlid">cichlids</a>, paternal mouthbrooding is relatively rare, but is found among some of the <a href="Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapiines</a>, most notably the black-chin tilapia <i><a href="Sarotherodon_melanotheron" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarotherodon melanotheron">Sarotherodon melanotheron</a></i>.

</p><p>In the case of the maternal mouthbrooders, the female takes the eggs. Maternal mouthbrooders are found among both African and South American cichlids. African examples are the <a href="Haplochromines" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplochromines">haplochromines</a>, such as the <a href="Mbuna" title="Mbuna">mbuna</a>, <i><a href="Astatotilapia_burtoni" title="Astatotilapia burtoni">Astatotilapia burtoni</a></i>, and the dwarf mouthbrooders <i>Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor</i>, and some of the tilapiines, such as <i><a href="Oreochromis_mossambicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreochromis mossambicus">Oreochromis mossambicus</a></i> and <i><a href="Oreochromis_niloticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreochromis niloticus">Oreochromis niloticus</a></i>. The South American maternal mouthbrooders are all members of the subfamily <a href="Geophaginae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophaginae">Geophaginae</a> (commonly known as "eartheaters" on account of their substrate-sifting feeding mode) such as <i>Gymnogeophagus balzanii</i> and <i><a href="Geophagus_steindachneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophagus steindachneri">Geophagus steindachneri</a></i>.

</p><p>Biparental mouthbrooding occurs where both parents take some of the eggs. This is relatively rare, but is found among the cichlid genus <i><a href="Xenotilapia" title="Xenotilapia">Xenotilapia</a></i>, and a single catfish, the <a href="Spatula-barbled_catfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatula-barbled catfish">spatula-barbled catfish</a> (<i>Phyllonemus typus</i>).

</p><p>Typically, after courtship, the male <a href="Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilises</a> the eggs and then collects them in his mouth, holding onto them until they hatch. During this time he cannot feed. Among the maternal mouthbrooding cichlids, it is quite common (e.g., among the mbuna) for the male to fertilise the eggs only once they are in the female's mouth. Some cichlids are able to feed while mouthbrooding the eggs, but invariably they feed less often than they would otherwise do, and after mouthbrooding one batch of eggs, all mouthbrooding fish are underweight and require a period of time to feed and make up for the depletion of their energy reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In all cases, the eggs are protected until they hatch and the fry become free swimming. Only in some cases does the parent extend protection to mobile juveniles. Among the cichlids and arowanas, extension of brood care to the fry is common, and they have behavioural cues to tell fry swimming and feeding away from the parent that danger is approaching and that they should return to their parent's mouth. By caring for their offspring in this way, mouthbrooding fish are able to produce smaller numbers of offspring with a higher chance of survival than species that offer no broodcare.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h2></div>

<p>Some commercially important fish are mouthbrooders, most notably among the <a href="Tilapiines" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilapiines">tilapiines</a> and <a href="Arowana" title="Arowana">arowanas</a>. Fry harvesting, getting the brooding fish to open its mouth and release the fry, is important if the fry are to be reared artificially. In the case of endangered species, such as <a href="Asian_arowana" title="Asian arowana">Asian arowana</a>, harvesting may be supervised by an official to certify that the fish farm is a genuine producer of captive-bred fish.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brood_parasites">Brood parasites</h2></div>

<p>Some fish have evolved to exploit the mouthbrooding behaviour of other species. <i><a href="Synodontis_multipunctatus" title="Synodontis multipunctatus">Synodontis multipunctatus</a></i>, also known as the cuckoo catfish, combines mouthbrooding with the behavior of a <a href="Brood_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasite">brood parasite</a>: it eats the host mouthbrooder's eggs, while spawning and simultaneously laying and fertilizing its own eggs. The mouthbrooder (typically a cichlid) incubates the cuckoo catfish young, the catfish eggs hatch earlier than the cichlid's eggs, and eat the as-yet unhatched cichlid eggs before being set free.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Families_of_mouthbrooding_fish">Families of mouthbrooding fish</h2></div>

<p>Families of fish known to include mouthbrooding species include:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Apogonidae" title="Apogonidae">Apogonidae</a> (cardinalfish): All paternal mouthbrooders</li>

<li><a href="Ariidae" title="Ariidae">Ariidae</a> (sea catfish): All paternal mouthbrooders</li>

<li><a href="Bagridae" title="Bagridae">Bagridae</a> (Bagrid catfish): the only mouthbrooding species in the family is <i><a href="Bagrus_meridionalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrus meridionalis">Bagrus meridionalis</a></i>, which is a biparental mouthbrooder</li>

<li><a href="Cichlidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cichlidae">Cichlidae</a> (cichlids): Numerous species are mouthbrooders, typically maternal mouthbrooders. Some are paternal mouthbrooders e.g. <i><a href="Sarotherodon_melanotheron" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarotherodon melanotheron">Sarotherodon melanotheron</a></i>, or biparental mouthbrooders e.g. <a href="Eretmodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Eretmodine">eretmodine</a> cichlids.</li>

<li><a href="Channidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Channidae">Channidae</a> (snakeheads): Some members of <i><a href="Channa" title="Channa">Channa</a></i> are paternal mouthbrooders.</li>

<li><a href="Liparidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Liparidae">Liparidae</a> (snailfish): <i><a href="Careproctus_ovigerus" title="Careproctus ovigerus">Careproctus ovigerus</a></i> is the only species known to be a mouthbrooder (specifically paternal), but the breeding behavior of many other species in the family is unknown.</li>

<li><a href="Opistognathidae" title="Opistognathidae">Opistognathidae</a> (jawfishes): All paternal mouthbrooders</li>

<li><a href="Osphronemidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Osphronemidae">Osphronemidae</a> (gouramis): A few genera (notably <i><a href="Betta" title="Betta">Betta</a></i>, by far the largest genus) contain or consist entirely of paternal mouthbrooders. Two species of <i><a href="Sphaerichthys" title="Sphaerichthys">Sphaerichthys</a></i> are maternal mouthbrooders.</li>

<li><a href="Osteoglossidae" title="Osteoglossidae">Osteoglossidae</a> (arowanas): Some members are paternal mouthbrooders</li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Amblyopsis" title="Amblyopsis">Amblyopsis</a></i> – a genus of cavefish that brood in the gill chambers</li>

<li><a href="Gastric-brooding_frog" title="Gastric-brooding frog">Gastric-brooding frog</a> – an extinct genus of frog that incubated their eggs in the stomach</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;">

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helfman, G., Collette, B, Facey, D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, 1997. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-86542-256-7</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loiselle, P.: The Cichlid Aquarium, Tetra Press, 1985. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-923880-20-0</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dragonfish.com/photo28.htm">"Fish tank harvest"</a>. Dragonfish<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-13</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dragonfish.com/photo31.htm">"RTG harvest captured by video camera, 26 September 2001"</a>. Dragonfish<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-13</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dragonfish.com/photo32.htm">"Finally captured on camera, "the magical moment"!"</a>. Dragonfish<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-13</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/mouthbrooder" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/mouthbrooder">mouthbrooder</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fish574" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Fish574" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About <a href="Fish" title="Fish">fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnoichthyology" title="Ethnoichthyology">Ethnoichthyology</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Diseases and parasites</a></li>

<li><a href="Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></li>

<li><a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypoxia_in_fish" title="Hypoxia in fish">Hypoxia in -</a></li>

<li><a href="Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fish_anatomy" title="Fish anatomy">Anatomy</a><br> and<br><a href="Fish_physiology" title="Fish physiology">physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Age_determination_in_fish" title="Age determination in fish">Age determination</a></li>

<li><a href="Anguilliformity" title="Anguilliformity">Anguilliformity</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Dermal_bone" title="Dermal bone">dermal</a></li>

<li><a href="Intramembranous_ossification" title="Intramembranous ossification">intramembranous ossification</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cleithrum" title="Cleithrum">Cleithrum</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">Chromatophore</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fin</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Branchial_arch" title="Branchial arch">branchial arch</a></li>

<li><a href="Gill_raker" title="Gill raker">gill raker</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharyngeal_arch" title="Pharyngeal arch">pharyngeal arch</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharyngeal_slit" title="Pharyngeal slit">pharyngeal slit</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudobranch" title="Pseudobranch">pseudobranch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Glossohyal" title="Glossohyal">Glossohyal</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Hyomandibula" title="Hyomandibula">hyomandibula</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharyngeal_jaw" title="Pharyngeal jaw">pharyngeal jaw</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Leydig's_organ" title="Leydig's organ">Leydig's organ</a></li>

<li><a href="Mauthner_cell" title="Mauthner cell">Mauthner cell</a></li>

<li><a href="Meristics" title="Meristics">Meristics</a></li>

<li><a href="Operculum_(fish)" title="Operculum (fish)">Operculum</a>

<ul><li><a href="Operculum_papillare" title="Operculum papillare">papillare</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Papilla_(fish_anatomy)" title="Papilla (fish anatomy)">Papilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li>

<li><a href="Root_effect" title="Root effect">Root effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Shark_cartilage" title="Shark cartilage">Shark cartilage</a></li>

<li><a href="Fish_scale" title="Fish scale">Scales</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ganoine" title="Ganoine">ganoine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_valve" title="Spiral valve">Spiral valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Suckermouth" title="Suckermouth">Suckermouth</a></li>

<li><a href="Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">Swim bladder</a>

<ul><li><a href="Physoclisti" title="Physoclisti">physoclisti</a></li>

<li><a href="Physostome" title="Physostome">physostome</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">Teeth</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pharyngeal_teeth" title="Pharyngeal teeth">pharyngeal</a></li>

<li><a href="Shark_tooth" title="Shark tooth">shark</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Teleost_leptins" title="Teleost leptins">Teleost leptins</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_Fish_Library" title="Digital Fish Library">Digital Library</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sensory_systems_in_fish" title="Sensory systems in fish">Sensory<br>systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">Ampullae of Lorenzini</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbel_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbel (anatomy)">Barbel</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrodynamic_reception" title="Hydrodynamic reception">Hydrodynamic reception</a></li>

<li><a href="Electroreception_and_electrogenesis" title="Electroreception and electrogenesis">Electroreception and electrogenesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Jamming_avoidance_response" title="Jamming avoidance response">Jamming avoidance response</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">Lateral line</a></li>

<li><a href="Otolith" title="Otolith">Otolith</a></li>

<li><a href="Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Capacity for pain</a></li>

<li><a href="Schreckstoff" title="Schreckstoff">Schreckstoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_wave_detection_by_animals" title="Surface wave detection by animals">Surface wave detection</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision_in_fishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision in fishes">Vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Weberian_apparatus" title="Weberian apparatus">Weberian apparatus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fish_reproduction" title="Fish reproduction">Reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bubble_nest" title="Bubble nest">Bubble nest</a></li>

<li><a href="Clasper" title="Clasper">Clasper</a></li>

<li><a href="Fish_development" title="Fish development">Development</a></li>

<li><a href="Ichthyoplankton" title="Ichthyoplankton">Ichthyoplankton</a></li>

<li><a href="Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">Juvenile</a></li>

<li><a href="Life_history_theory" title="Life history theory">Life history theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyandry_in_fish" title="Polyandry in fish">Polyandry</a></li>

<li><a href="Pregnancy_in_fish" title="Pregnancy in fish">Pregnancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">Sequential hermaphroditism</a></li>

<li><a href="Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Spawning_trigger" title="Spawning trigger">triggers</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fish_locomotion" title="Fish locomotion">Locomotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fin_and_flipper_locomotion" title="Fin and flipper locomotion">Fin and flipper locomotion</a></li>

<li><a href="Amphibious_fish" title="Amphibious fish">Amphibious</a></li>

<li><a href="Walking_fish" title="Walking fish">Walking</a></li>

<li><a href="Flying_fish" title="Flying fish">Flying</a></li>

<li><a href="Undulatory_locomotion" title="Undulatory locomotion">Undulatory locomotion</a></li>

<li><a href="Tradeoffs_for_locomotion_in_air_and_water" title="Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water">Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water</a></li>

<li><a href="RoboTuna" title="RoboTuna">RoboTuna</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br>behaviour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li>

<li><a href="Bottom_feeder" title="Bottom feeder">Bottom feeders</a></li>

<li><a href="Cleaner_fish" title="Cleaner fish">Cleaner fish</a></li>

<li><a href="Corallivore" title="Corallivore">Corallivory</a></li>

<li><a href="Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_fish" title="Electric fish">Electric fish</a></li>

<li><a href="Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">Filter feeders</a></li>

<li><a href="Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li>

<li><a href="Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Migratory</a></li>

<li><a href="Paedophagy" title="Paedophagy">Paedophagy</a></li>

<li><a href="Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li>

<li><a href="Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">Sardine run</a></li>

<li><a href="Lepidophagy" title="Lepidophagy">Scale eaters</a></li>

<li><a href="Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Schooling fish</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleep_in_fish" title="Sleep in fish">Sleep</a></li>

<li><a href="Venomous_fish" title="Venomous fish">Venomous</a></li>

<li><a href="Fish_intelligence" title="Fish intelligence">Intelligence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal</a></li>

<li><a href="Coldwater_fish" title="Coldwater fish">Coldwater</a></li>

<li><a href="Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef</a></li>

<li><a href="Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a></li>

<li><a href="Euryhaline" title="Euryhaline">Euryhaline</a></li>

<li><a href="Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater</a></li>

<li><a href="Groundfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundfish">Groundfish</a></li>

<li><a href="Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropical_fish" title="Tropical fish">Tropical</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Coarse_fishing" title="Coarse fishing">Coarse</a></li>

<li><a href="Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_fish" title="Genetically modified fish">Genetically modified</a></li>

<li><a href="Hallucinogenic_fish" title="Hallucinogenic fish">Hallucinogenic</a></li>

<li><a href="Poisonous_fish" title="Poisonous fish">Poisonous</a></li>

<li><a href="Rough_fish" title="Rough fish">Rough</a></li>

<li><a href="Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">Whitefish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li>

<li><a href="Octopus_aquaculture" title="Octopus aquaculture">Octopus</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquaculture_of_salmonids" title="Aquaculture of salmonids">Salmonids</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Billfish" title="Billfish">billfish</a></li>

<li><a href="Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a></li>

<li><a href="Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a></li>

<li><a href="Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a></li>

<li><a href="Herring" title="Herring">herring</a></li>

<li><a href="Sardine" title="Sardine">sardine</a></li>

<li><a href="Sprat" title="Sprat">sprats</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a>

<li><a href="Flatfish" title="Flatfish">flatfish</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Jawless</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hagfish" title="Hagfish">Hagfish</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">Lampreys</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Cartilaginous</a>

<ul><li><a href="Holocephali" title="Holocephali">Chimaeras</a></li>

<li><a href="Shark" title="Shark">Sharks</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Ray-finned</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Fleshy-finned</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lists_of_aquarium_life" title="Lists of aquarium life">Aquarium life</a></li>

<li><a href="Blind_fish" title="Blind fish">Blind</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_fish_common_names" title="List of fish common names">Fish common names</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_fish_families" title="List of fish families">Fish families</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_ichthyology" title="Glossary of ichthyology">Glossary of ichthyology</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_largest_fish" title="List of largest fish">Largest</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_smallest_fish" title="List of smallest fish">Smallest</a></li>

<li>Threatened

<li><a href="List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">sharks</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_prehistoric_fish" title="Lists of prehistoric fish">Prehistoric</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> more lists...</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> <b>WikiProject</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brood_parasites47" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Brood_parasites47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Brood_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasite">Brood parasites</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Black-headed_duck" title="Black-headed duck">Black-headed duck</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cowbird" title="Cowbird">Cowbird</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuckoo-finch" title="Cuckoo-finch">Cuckoo-finch</a></li>

<li><a href="Viduidae" title="Viduidae">Viduidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiny_cowbird" title="Shiny cowbird">Shiny cowbird</a></li>

<li><a href="Brown-headed_cowbird" title="Brown-headed cowbird">Brown-headed cowbird</a></li>

<li><a href="Screaming_cowbird" title="Screaming cowbird">Screaming cowbird</a></li>

<li><a href="Giant_cowbird" title="Giant cowbird">Giant cowbird</a></li>

<li><a href="Bronzed_cowbird" title="Bronzed cowbird">Bronzed cowbird</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">Cuculiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Common_cuckoo" title="Common cuckoo">Common cuckoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Striped_cuckoo" title="Striped cuckoo">Striped cuckoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Pheasant_cuckoo" title="Pheasant cuckoo">Pheasant cuckoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Asian_koel" title="Asian koel">Asian koel</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacobin_cuckoo" title="Jacobin cuckoo">Jacobin cuckoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_cuckoo" title="Indian cuckoo">Indian cuckoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Diederik_cuckoo" title="Diederik cuckoo">Diederik cuckoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_spotted_cuckoo" title="Great spotted cuckoo">Great spotted cuckoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Channel-billed_cuckoo" title="Channel-billed cuckoo">Channel-billed cuckoo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Piciformes" title="Piciformes">Piciformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Honeyguide" title="Honeyguide">Honeyguide</a></li>

<li><a href="Lesser_honeyguide" title="Lesser honeyguide">Lesser honeyguide</a></li>

<li><a href="Greater_honeyguide" title="Greater honeyguide">Greater honeyguide</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Synodontis_multipunctatus" title="Synodontis multipunctatus">Cuckoo catfish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Nestmakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Pungtungia_herzi" title="Pungtungia herzi">Pungtungia herzi</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Insect" title="Insect">Insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cuckoo_bee" title="Cuckoo bee">Cuckoo bees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Aglae" title="Aglae">Aglae</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Coelioxys" title="Coelioxys">Coelioxys</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Dioxyini" title="Dioxyini">Dioxyini</a></li>

<li><a href="Ericrocidini" title="Ericrocidini">Ericrocidini</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Euaspis" title="Euaspis">Euaspis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Exaerete" title="Exaerete">Exaerete</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Isepeolini" title="Isepeolini">Isepeolini</a></li>

<li><a href="Melectini" title="Melectini">Melectini</a></li>

<li><a href="Nomadinae" title="Nomadinae">Nomadinae</a></li>

<li><a href="Osirini" title="Osirini">Osirini</a></li>

<li><a href="Protepeolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Protepeolini">Protepeolini</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhathymini" title="Rhathymini">Rhathymini</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Psithyrus" title="Psithyrus">Bombus (Psithyrus)</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sphecodes" title="Sphecodes">Sphecodes</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Stelis_(bee)" title="Stelis (bee)">Stelis</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wasp" title="Wasp">Wasps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Ammophila_sabulosa" title="Ammophila sabulosa">Ammophila sabulosa</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Ceropalinae" title="Ceropalinae">Ceropalinae</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuckoo_wasp" title="Cuckoo wasp">Cuckoo wasps</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuckoo_paper_wasp" title="Cuckoo paper wasp">Cuckoo paper wasps</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Dolichovespula_adulterina" title="Dolichovespula adulterina">Dolichovespula adulterina</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Nyssonini" title="Nyssonini">Nyssonini</a></li>

<li><a href="Sapygidae" title="Sapygidae">Sapygidae</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Stizoides" title="Stizoides">Stizoides</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Vespula_austriaca" title="Vespula austriaca">Vespula austriaca</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Vespula_infernalis" title="Vespula infernalis">Vespula infernalis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Vespula_squamosa" title="Vespula squamosa">Vespula squamosa</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">Lycaenid butterflies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Phengaris_alcon" title="Phengaris alcon">Phengaris alcon</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Large_blue" title="Large blue">Phengaris arion</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Phengaris_rebeli" title="Phengaris rebeli">Phengaris rebeli</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modes_of_reproduction104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Modes_of_reproduction104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Modes_of_reproduction" title="Modes of reproduction">Modes of reproduction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Modes_of_reproduction" title="Modes of reproduction">Modes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Oviparity" title="Oviparity">Oviparity</a></li>

<li><a href="Viviparity" title="Viviparity">Viviparity</a> (Histotrophic, Hemotrophic)</li>

<li><a href="Ovoviviparity" title="Ovoviviparity">Ovoviviparity</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">Fertilisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="External_fertilization" title="External fertilization">External fertilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">Internal fertilization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Parental_care" title="Parental care">Parental care</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Parental_care_in_birds" title="Parental care in birds">birds</a></li>

<li><a href="Parenting" title="Parenting">humans</a></li>

<li><a href="Mammalian_reproduction" title="Mammalian reproduction">mammals</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adelphophagy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelphophagy">Adelphophagy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastric-brooding_frog" title="Gastric-brooding frog">Gastric-brooding frog</a></li>

<li><a href="Live-bearing_aquarium_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Live-bearing aquarium fish">Live-bearing aquarium fish</a></li>

<li><a href="Male_pregnancy" title="Male pregnancy">Male pregnancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Matrotrophy" title="Matrotrophy">Matrotrophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Oophagy" title="Oophagy">Oophagy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pregnancy_in_fish" title="Pregnancy in fish">Pregnancy in fish</a></li>

<li><a href="Trophic_egg" title="Trophic egg">Trophic egg</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2023-05-14" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Mouthbrooder&oldid=1154801910">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>